Just War Theory And The 2003 Iraq War Politics Essay

besides War guess And The 2003 Iraq War politics Es theoriseThe Iraq War or the second Gulf War has been commenced since 20 butt against 2003. Despite the troops consisted of array study power of various Hesperian nations, it was roundu ein truth last(predicate)y led by the United States.Over the years, bulk consecrate questioned the chaparral formation whether it is respectableified to invade Iraq, and whether the Iraq War fulfill the criteria of the Just War opening. As such, this essay will attempt to determine whether the intrusion of Iraq by the render administration is justified.Just energise The reason for press release to con tennerd moldiness(prenominal) be just. Force may be use nevertheless to coiffe a grave, public evil, i.e. aggression or coarse violation of the basic human rights of whole populations1. In addition to what we in the primary(prenominal) combine that force may only be used to correct a grave and public evil, Holmes (1992) t ell that the criterion of just clear has been downgraded. He likewise utter that a contend is justified in response to aggression, ie, self-defense. It to a fault extended to cover in like manner defense of a nonher(prenominal) offer against aggression, intervention to comfort latent victims of grave wrong by nations, and plain pre-emptive strikes against potential aggressors. skillful function War may be netd by constituted legal authority.Right intention War may be waged only in a truly just cause but not for material gain or maintaining economies.Last buy up War may be waged only later on in all imperturbable alternatives surrender been exhausted or are not practical.Prospects of success the finishing of the war must end with sleepProportionality the anticipated benefits must be proportionate to its expected evils or harms.Besides, the just war system also requires the honourable specimen to define the conduct of armed contravene (Just ad bellum)-No ncombatant Immunity Army must experience healthy esteems to avoid and minimize harm to civils.Proportionality Only necessary force is to be use to discover the host objective, and to avoid unnecessary indirect damage civils and their properties.Right intention the aim of the war is to achieve peace. The act of vengeance and indiscriminate violence are forbidden.Reason to Invade IraqIn the destination contriven by chaparral on 18 March 2003 in the White House, he gave the reason for taking phalanx execute against Iraq. In this essay, I will mainly attempt to use this idiom as my argument for reason for assault to Iraq.JUST WAR speculation VS US intrusion (Just ad bellum)1. Just CauseIn the speech given by Bush, he stated-We entertain passed much than a dozen resolutions in the United Nations hostage Council. We lose sent hundreds of heavy weapons inspectors to superintend the disarmament of Iraq. Our good faith has not been returnedOver the years, UN weapo n inspectors sire been threatened by Iraki officials, electronically bugged and systematically deceived. still efforts to disarm the Iraqi regime have failed again and again because we are not dealing with still menIntelligence ga in that respectd by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal rough of the most lethal weapons ever devised. This regime has already used weapons of cud remnant against Iraqs dwells and against Iraqs race.It has aided, trained and harbored terrorists, including operatives of al QaedaThe danger is clear utilize chemical, biological or, one day, nuclear weapons, obtained with the help of Iraq, the terrorists could fulfill their stated ambitions and use up thousands or hundreds or thousands of innocent people in our country, or nigh(prenominal) other.Terrorists and terror states do not reveal threats with fair notice, in white-tie declarations and responding to such enemies only after they have struck first is not self-defense, it is suicide. The security of the world requires disarming Saddam Hussein now.In Bushs speech, the causes for trespass are-Iraq possess weapon of rush close and peaceful efforts to disarm the Iraqi regime have failed.Iraq aided terrorist like al Qaeda, and terrorists could keep back use of Iraqs weapon of fortune destruction to kill Ameri lavs or people of other nations.However, it seems that the Iraq invasion did not fulfill the just cause.Regarding the weapon of aggregative destruction, in late 2002 Iraq agreed to inspection by UN inspectors in ossification with UN Security Council Resolution 1441. However, the inspectors discovered no weapon of mass destruction. They only concluded that Iraq government failed to proved that all weapon of mass destruction were properly droped.Besides, there was no evidence that the Iraqi government had whatever intention to use such weapon of mass destruction (even if Iraq did have the weapon). We did not see that the United States was facing a imminent threat of attack by Saddam Hussein.Moreover, we are all aware the novel missile test by North Korea and its possession of material for devising nuclear weapon. Would it justify to wage war against North Korea? Certainly not, or why the United States has not waged war against North Korea?In compliance of Iraqs link with terrorists, there was no evidence that Iraqi government had every link or connection with al Qaeda (or were involved with the attacks of family line 11). If the Bush administration had such evidence, it would be a just get across as the invasion is an act of self-defense. Postwar finding2also indicated that CIA assessed that Iraq and al Qaeda resembled two independent actors trying to exploit each other. It also indicated that Saddam Hussein was distrustful of al Qaeda and viewed Islamic extremists as a threat to his regime, refusing all request from al Qaeda to translate material and operational support. 2. Right AuthorityThe US Congress passed the reefer Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq on 11 October 2002. This resolution provided the Bush Administration with the legal basis for the invasion to Iraq.Besides, UN Security Resolution 678 and 687 authorized the United States to use force in ridding Iraq of weapons of mass destruction.As such, US achievement was carried come forth with right and legal authority.3. Right IntentionAs pointed out in Bushs speech, the intention of invasion is to protect American and other people from weapon of mass destruction feature by Iraq and the its support to terrorists.In respect of the intention to protect people from terrorists, as I earlier reported, there was no creditable evidence that Suddam Hussein had supported the terrorist like al Qaeda. Being the chief of command, Bush should have cognize that the allegation of connection with terrorist was nothing more than an excuse. assimilator (Murray and Scales, 2003) argued that after the September 11 attack, the destruction of dictator Saddams government by a swift and forceful military action could establish the authority of the United States and the determination to fight against terrorism. As such, the invasion did not rival the criterion of right intention from this perspective.Regarding weapon of mass destruction, since UN Inspector stated that after the inspection in late 2003 the Iraq government had failed to prove that all weapon of mass destruction were destroyed. The right intention of protecting people from such weapon was justified.However, a number of scholars opined that the true intention of USs military act was to acquire Iraqs oil supply and to protect the oil in the Middle eastern. In the end, right intention is a subjective measure that depends on what was Bush thinking at the time of the invasion. Based on the circumstance, it seems that the right intention was justified as an independent UN inspection group (though may be hight influenced by US) had doubted whether Iraq had destroyed all weapon of mass destruction.4. Last ResortCoates (1997) stated that the criterion of last resort underlines the primacy of peace over war in just war thinking. Recognition of the potential moral instrumentality of war is not to be confused with moral enthusiasm for war. .moral considerations go hand in hand with governmental and military ones, and the moral judgment use ups to be informed by a certain realism. Deciding when diplomatic and other non-bellicose path of securing peace have been effectively exhausted, or deciding when a conciliatory approach has get going counterproductive, is largely a matter of political and military judgment. Coates rightly pointed out that the idea of last resort is subjective and could be influenced by political and military judgment.Walzer (2004) emphasized the important of last resort as because of the unpredictable, unexpected, unmotivated and unavoidable horr ors that it regularly brings. As for the notion of lastness, it is essentially cautionary, he stated look hard for alternatives before you let loose the dogs of war.The issue we need to discuss is whether the Bush administration had exhausted all non-violence means to achieve peace before the invasion to Iraq.However, I personally think that there would not any last resort in the reality. From anti-war believer, we would never action the criterion of last resort. As such, we have to act at some point as far as all reasonable diplomatic and non-violence means have been done. As a matter of fact, when it comes to war, anti-war believer would endlessly say that even at the last minute, there still are alternatives (which is always the best argument against waging war). The alternatives could be economic sanctions, UN inspection, pressure from neighbor and diplomatic meeting. However, Saddam could also use such non-violence alternative to defile time, so that he could have more time to build or hide the weapon of mass destruction. One of the reason as to why the UN inspector could not find any weapon of mass destruction may be because Saddem had bought enough time from previous noncooperation with UN inspection.Since Bush administration and UN had exercised diplomatic means to warn Saddem that war would be unavoidable if he chooses not to cooperate with the United States or UN, it is justified for Bush administration to say that he had exhausted the last resort.5. Prospects of successIn general, the US-led union outnumbered the Iraqi army. The military technology of the US led coalition was more advance than that of Iraqi army. Bush administration k tender that there was high probability of success. The invasion phase of the war, ie, from 19 March to 20 April, proved that the criterion of prospects of success was meet. The problem is whether the US invasion was likely to generate take of lasting peace by removing the dictatorship.However, after the invasion phase, despite the Iraqi army was quickly overwhelmed, some religious radicals and Iraqis angered by the business organization have begun isolate attack against the US led coalition. This contributes one of the main reasons for US military death in Iraq after the invasion phase. Besides, US and UK government was not able to restore basic services to the Iraqi people, and the decaying infrastructure due to a decade of sanction, bombing, corruption had left major cities barely functioning. Local people claimed that their living standard was actually worse than that in Saddam regime which had contributed to local anger at the transitional Iraqi government.Even three years after the invasion, on 14 August 2007 800 civilians were killed by a series suicide bomb attacks in Iraq. More than 100 homes an shops were destroyed during this series of attacks. Isolated attacks have taken place from time to time killing US army. Besides, the invasion also creates anger by Iraqi people against U nited States. On 14 December 2008, at a press conference by George W. Bush in Iraq, a reporter threw his shoes to Bush screamed This is for the widows, the orphans and those who were killed in Iraq. It seems that the military act was a success during the invasion phase, peace is still very remote for Iraqi people. The worst is that the invasion also creates tension among civilian of Iraq and the United States which would not be easily solved in short period of time (taking Chinese against Japanese government for the war crime they did during WWII as an example).6. ProportionalityBeing a just war, it must be proportionate. The use of force must not produce evils and disorders sedate than the evil to be eliminated. We all are concerned that invasion of Iraq could have unpredictable consequences not only for Iraq but for peace and stability elsewhere in the Middle East. Wells (1996) stated that if the price of the projected war is too great in total dislocation, suffering, and death, including all human, economic, and cultural costs, in comparison to the good likely to come of it, again, considering all the likely gains, past the war is disproportionate.During the invasion phase from 19 March to 30 April 2003, 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed along with 7,299 civilians, primarily by US air and ground forces. league forces reported the death in combat of 139 US military strength and 33 UK military personnel. The casualty rate of Iraqi is almost ten times higher than that of the coalition force. From casualty perspective, we could say that it was a disproportional war.Besides, war would definitely destroy the infrastructure of Iraq and affect the living standard given the fact that they had already lived at the edge of survival after a decade of destructive sanctions. The international communities and the countries in the Middle East were not ready to handle the problem of refugee from the Iraq.What about the good achieved by the war. The most obvious one w ould be the discovery or destroy of weapon of mass destruction. Since the western countries generally believed that Saddam had possessed a number of weapon of mass destruction and was intended to use. The military action protected the live of American and people of other nations.Besides, Saddam was known to be brutal dictator who killed his own people including children and women. Removing Saddam big businessman facilitate the development of democracy and protect the right and live of Iraqi civilians.It is important to compare the benefit and detriments caused by the war. Given that the Bushs speech on 18 March 2003 did warn that it is not too late for the Iraqi military to act with honor and protect your country by permitting the peaceful entry of coalition forces to eliminate weapons of mass destruction. Our force will give Iraqi military units clear instructions on actions they can take to avoid being attacked and destroyed. I urge every member of the Iraqi military and intellig ence services, if war comes, do not fight for a dying regime that is not worth your own life. Besides, in the similar speech, Bush also promised that as our coalition takes away their (Saddam) power, we will keep food and medicine you need., we will help you to build a new Iraq that is prosperous and free. In a free Iraq, there will no mar wars of aggression against your neighbors,no more execution of dissidents, no more torture chambers and rape rooms. In view of all the circumstance, it is reasonable to say that the invasion met the criterion of proportionality.Based on the above analysis, the invasion of Iraq fulfills all criteria of Jus ad bellum except the criterion of just cause. The reason the invasion of Iraq flunk to meet the requisite of just cause is because there is no weapon of mass destruction found in Iraq and Iraq had no connection with Terrorists. However, if the Bush administration, based on the intelligence provided by CIA prior to the invasion, truly believe d that Iraq had weapon of mass destruction (and was intended to use it) and there was evidence to elicit Iraq had aided al Qaeda, then it would be reasonable to say the invasion fulfills the criterion of just cause.JUST WAR THEORY VS US INVASION (Just in bello)1. Noncombatant ImmunityCoates (1997) states that the moral reasoning associated with the principle of civilian or, more exactly, civilian immunity is one of the most strongly contest areas of just war theory. Since moral guilt or innocent can be established only by reference to the intentions, state of perspicacity and subjective disposition of an individual, the distinction could not be used as a means of discriminating between legitimate and illegitimate targets of attack. This means the criterion of noncombatant immunity is a subjective measure of a persons mind.In a democratic government like the United State, targeting civilian or noncombatant during a war would be a crime. I would quite confidence to say that the US- led coalition force did not featherbed the criterion of noncombatant immunity. But there is always collateral damage. concourse estimated the number of civilian causality since 2003 ranged from 91,676 to 100,0833. The large number of civilian causality or collateral damage gave a worrying reality that noncombatant immunity is very difficult to uphold in a war. Those Iraq civilian killed may be because the coalition army truly believed that their live were in danger and is was an act of self-defense.Besides, there were the human right abuses during the war and in particular at Abu Ghraib prison. Captured Iraqi army was tortured by US army in order to have intelligence. Those Iraqi soldiers were prisoners and could no long-lasting cause any harm to the US, and strictly speaking, they were noncombatant. I consider such act by US is a violation to noncombatant immunity.Nonetheless, those violations to noncombatant immunity are isolated cases during the entire war. From the proceedin g currently childbed against US soldiers committing war crime, it shows that the US government is determined to uphold the requirement of noncombatant immunity.In respect of proportionality and right intention, their arguments are fundamentally the same as the cases in jus ad bellum, and I would not repeat here.CONCLUSIONThe US led coalitions invasion of Iraq met all the requirement of the just war theory except the just cause. The Just Cause Theory is a subjective theory. Whether a war is just depends on the state of mind of the person who wages war, and we could only assess the circumstantial evidence. I guess that we would never know whether the Bush administration knowingly accept the false intelligence that Iraq had weapon of mass destruction and connection with terrorists or the Bush administration simply misled by incredible intelligence from CIA or other government agencies. It would a just war from Bushs perspective, if he was deceived by incredible intelligence.It is very difficult to assess whether a war is just, in particular for those war waged by powerful nations who could exert influence to its alliances or even the United Nation. I therefore suggest that an independent organization should be create who could have access to documents relating to the decision to wage war. This organization should also have judiciary power to conduct proceeding to decide whether a war is just. It can publish country for waging a unjust war and any wrongdoing during a war. Without an independent organization, nations will continue to wage war using the subjective side of the Just War Theory to justify their action.******