An Essay on Drug Addiction Essay

KV62 is the grave of Tutankhamun in the valley of the Kings (Egypt), which became famous for the wealth of treasure it contained.1 The grave was detect in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of employmens huts built during the Ramesside block this explains why it was sp atomic number 18d from the worst of the grave depredations of that time. KV is an abbreviation for the Valley of the Kings, followed by a number to designate individual tombs in the Valley. The tomb was densely packed with spots in great disarray. Carter was able to photograph garlands of flowers, which disintegrated when touched. Due to the bow of the tomb, and to Carters meticulous recording technique, the tomb took eight old age to empty, the table of contents all being transported to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.Tutankhamuns tomb had been entered at least twice, not long afterwards he was buried and thoroughly beforeCarters discovery. The outer(a)most doors of the en close ins enclosing the moguls nested coffins were go forth opened, and unsealed. It is estimated that 60% of the jewellery which had been stored in the treasury was removed as well. afterward maven of these ancient robberies, embalming materials from KV62 are believed to have been buried at KV54.The pharaohs solid gold funerary mask was interred with him in KV62. In 1907, just before his discovery of the tomb of Horemheb, Theodore M. Daviss team show a small site containing funerary artifacts with Tutankhamens name. Assuming that this site, identify as KV54, was Tutankhamuns complete tomb, Davis concluded the dig. The details of both findings are documented in Daviss 1912 ordinaryation, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatnkhamanou the book closes with the comment, I fear that the Valley of the Kings is now exhausted.2 But Davis was to be proven spectacularly wrong. The British Egyptologist Howard Carter (employed by Lord Carnarvon) hired a crew to help him excavate at the site of KV62.Carter went back to aline of huts that he had aband unrivalledd a few seasons earlier. When the depression step was removed, they found a stone step. Carters foreman got Carter and told him about the step. Wor might carefully, they uncovered stairs. He sent a message to Carnarvon and in a week, Carnarvon came. He cleared the doorway and make his way down a passageway that had been cleared by robbers. It was whence that Howard Carter made a hole in the door, struck a match, and after discovering that the air had oxygen inside, went in. The bedsleeping accommodation that they found was bare, only if Howard Carter was convinced that in that respect must be a secret chamber. He searched the walls and found it it was make full with all manner of treasures and statues.He had discovered Tutankhamuns tomb (since designated KV62) in the Valley of the Kings on November 4, 1922, near the entrance to the tomb of Ramesses VI, thereby move off a renewed interest in all things Egyptian in the modern world. Carter contacted his patron, and on November 26 that year, both men became the front people to enter Tutankhamuns tomb in over 3000 years. subsequently many weeks of careful excavation, on February 16, 1923, Carter opened the inner chamber and first saw the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun. All of this was conveyed to the public by H. V. Morton, the besides journalist allowed on the scene.Investigation editHoward Carter and associates opening the shrine doors in the burial chamber (1924 reconstructive memory of the 1923 event) The first step to the stairs was found on November 4, 1922.3 The following solar day saw the exposure of a complete staircase. The end of November saw find to the antechamber and the discovery of the annex, and then the burial chamber and treasury. On November 29, the tomb was opened, and the first announcement and press conference followed the next day. The first souvenir was removed from the tomb on December 27.4 On February 16, 1923 the burial chamber was o pened,5 and on April 5 Lord Carnarvon died. On February 12, 1924, the granite lid of the sarcophagus was raised.6In April, Carter argued with the Antiquities Service, and remaining the excavation for the United States. In January 1925, Carter resumed activities in the tomb, and on October 13, he removed the cover of the first sarcophagus on October 23, he removed the cover of the south sarcophagus on October 28, the team removed the cover of the final sarcophagus and exposed the mama and on November 11, theexamination of the remains of Tutankhamun started.An alabaster jar found in the tomb, symbolizing the union ofLower and Upper Egypt. Work started in the treasury on October 24, 1926, and between October 30 and December 15, 1927, the annex was emptied and examined. On November 10, 1930, eight years after the discovery, the last objects were finally removed from the tomb of the long alienated pharaoh.7 Layout of tombeditPlan of KV62.In design, the tomb appears to have sooner be en intended for a private individual, not for majesticty.8 There is some evidence to suggest that the tomb was adapted for a royal occupant during its excavation.9 This may be support by the fact that only the burial chamber walls were decorated, unlike royal tombs in which nearly all walls were painted with scenes from the Book of the Dead.9Isometric, plan and superlative images of KV62 taken from a 3d modelStereo drawing of tomb viewed from northwest.Staircase editStarting from a small, level platform, 16 steps educe to the first doorway, which was sealed and plastered although it had been penetrated by grave robbers at least twice in antiquity.Entrance corridor editBeyond the first doorway, a locomote corridor leads to the second sealed door, and into the room that Carter described as the Antechamber. This was used sooner to hold material left over from the funeral and material associated with the embalming of the king. After the sign robberies, this material was either mo ved into the tomb proper, or to KV54.Antechamber editThe unembellished antechamber was found to be in a state of unionised chaos and contained approximately 700 objects (articles 14 to 171 in the Carter catalogue) amongst which were three funeral beds, plates in pulp ofhippopotamus (the Goddess Tawaret), of lion (or leopards) and cattle (the Goddess Hathor). Perhaps the most remarkable item in this room were the components, stacked, of intravenous feeding chariots of which one was probably used for hunting, one for war and an other cardinal for parades. Many of the 700 objects were made of gold.Burial chamber editCross-section of shrines and sarcophagi in KV62Decoration editThis is the only decorated chamber in the tomb, with scenes from the Opening of the Mouth ritual (showing Ay, Tutankhamuns successor acting as the kings son, despite being older than he is) and Tutankhamun with the goddess methamphetamine on the north wall, the first hour of Amduat (on the west wall), spel l one of the Book of the Dead (on the east wall) and representations of the king with various deities (Anubis, Isis, Hathor and others now destroyed) on the south wall. The north wall shows Tutankhamen being followed by his Ka, being welcomed to the infernal region by Osiris.10 Some of the treasures in Tutankhamuns tomb are observe for their apparent departure from traditional depictions of the boy king. Certain cartouches where a kings name should appear have been altered, as if to reuse the piazza of a previous pharaohas often occurred.However, this instance may plainly be the product of updating the artifacts to reflect the shift from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun. Other differences are less easy to explain, such as the older, more angular facial nerve features of the middle coffin and canopic coffinettes. The most widely accepted theory for these last mentioned variations is that the items were originally intended for Smenkhkare, who may or may not be the mysterious KV55 mumm y. This mummy, according to craniological examinations, bears a striking first-order (father-to-son, brother-to-brother) relationship to Tutankhamun.11 Contents editThe outer golden shrine, now on display in the Cairo MuseumTutankhamuns wooden chestThe entire chamber was occupied by four sublime wooden shrines which surrounded the kings sarcophagus. The outer shrine (1 in the cross-section) measured 5.08 x 3.28 x 2.75 m and 32 mm thick, almostentirely filling the room, with only 60 cm at either end and less than 30 cm on the sides. away of the shrines were 11 paddles for the solar boat, containers for scents, and lamps decorated with images of the GodHapidisambiguation needed. The fourth and last shrine (4) was 2.90 m long and 1.48 m wide. The wall decorations depict the kings funeral procession, and Nut was painted on the ceiling, embracing the sarcophagus with her wings. This sarcophagus was constructed in granite (a in the cross-section). apiece corner of the main body and lid were carved from stone of divergent colours.It appears to have been constructed for another owner, but then recarved for Tutankhamen the identity of the original owner is not preserved.10 In each corner a protective goddess (Isis, Nephthys, Serket and Neith) guards the body. Inside, the kings body was placed within three mummiform coffins, the outer deuce made of gilded wood while the innermost was composed of 110.4 kg of pure gold.12 The mummy itself was adorned with a gold mask, mummy bands and other funerary items. The funerary mask is made of gold, inlaid with lapis lazuli, carnelian, quartz, obsidian, turquoise and glass and faience, and weighs 11 kg.13Treasury editThe treasury was the burial chambers only side-room and was accessible by an unblocked doorway. It contained over 5,000 catalogued objects, most of them funerary and ritual in nature. The two largest objects found in this room were the kings exercise canopic chest and a large statue of Anubis. Other items include d numerous shrines containing gilded statuettes of the king and deities, model boats and two more chariots. This room also held two mummies of fetuses that some considers to have been stillborn off jet of the king.14Annex editThe annex, originally used to store oils, ointments, scents, foods and wine, was the last room to be cleared, from the end of October 1927 to the spring of 1928. Although quite small in size, it contained approximately 280 groups of objects, totaling more than 2,000 individual pieces. stupefy day editAs of 2007, the tomb was open for visitors, at an additional censure abovethat of the price of general access to the Valley of the Kings. The number of visitors was trammel to 400 per day in 2008.15 However, since 2010 the tomb has been closed in(p) to the public. Restoration work is being undertaken by the Getty Conservation Institute over a match of five years16 the future of the tombs availability to the public is unknown at this point. Tourists visitingwho? in 2012 report that the tomb has indeed been reopened, but the additional fee to enter it remains.citation needed The tomb is expected to be definitively closed to public in 2013, but a reproduction will be placed nearby at the Valley of the Kings and will be procurable to the public.17